foundation
History of photographyA camera obscura is a dark room with a hole on the wall which allowed the image outside to be projected upside down in the room.
This was created by Alhuzen in the 9th century. In the Renaissance lots of artists used this to their advantage to draw fine details and to draw perspective. In 1724 Johann Heinrich Schultz discovered that a piece of chalk dipped in silver nitrate turned black from white when exposed to the sun, this was able to capture the image momentarily but eventually it all turned black. In 1834, Henry Fox Talbot created something called the Calotype process, this consisted in paper soaked in silver chloride and fixed with a salt solution. Talbot created positive images by contact printing onto another sheet of paper. Louis Daguerre was both a chemist and an artist. Daguerre won the battle of the most popular type of photography because the government made it freely available to the public. There were still two main problems of photography: one being that the photographer needed a whole dark room at the location of photo, the other being that to get a good photo you would have to stay still for up to two minutes. George Eastman developed dry plate photography. He creates the Eastman Kodak camera which contained a roll of celluloid negatives, it was smaller and cheaper than all the rest of the market which led to its popularity. |
Photograms
A photogram is a picture produced with light-sensitive paper, an enlarger and the objects you place on top of the light sensitive paper. It works by placing your objects on top of your light sensitive paper and choose your layout. Expose the light sensitive paper to light for three seconds, you can set a timer on the enlarger, two or three seconds work the best depending on the amount of light. You can then develop your photogram by placing your piece of light sensitive paper into the developer to make the parts exposed to the sun black, after about two minutes, the parts that were exposed to light will turn black and the parts covered by images will stay white. Then you place your photogram in the stop bath with will stop your photographic paper from blackening more, and then submerge your photogram in the fixer which makes your image permanent. You then rinse your photogram with water so no chemicals stay on it and you put in through a drier with removes the remaining water.
Camera Obscura
First, we cut the flaps out of our cardboard box. To achieve the optimism focal length we cut off 5cm from the back of the box. Next we make a hole on one side of the cardboard box for light to enter and then we selotaped on a small magnifying glass. On the other side of the box we placed a piece of tracing paper. We then went on to find a place, we realised that the best conditions were if we would be under the shade and the place we would trace would be under the sunlight. We then traced our pictures even though it was a bit difficult as they appeared upside down.
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Shutter Speed
Shutter speed or exposure time is the length of time when the digital sensor is exposed to light.
If you try to get a moving picture with a low shutter speed the exposure time will be high and give you a blurred, bleached picture. If you photograph a moving object/person with a high shutter speed the picture will be clear and crisp without any blur, this will also give you a darker picture as the sensor isn't exposed to light for long. If you want a high shutter speed and also a bright picture you can change the ISO to a higher number to make the sensor more light sensitive.
If you try to get a moving picture with a low shutter speed the exposure time will be high and give you a blurred, bleached picture. If you photograph a moving object/person with a high shutter speed the picture will be clear and crisp without any blur, this will also give you a darker picture as the sensor isn't exposed to light for long. If you want a high shutter speed and also a bright picture you can change the ISO to a higher number to make the sensor more light sensitive.
Aperture
The aperture will regulate how big the opening of the camera is, with a wide opening you will get more light, for example f/1.4 will get lots of light while f/16 will not get as much. The aperture will have an impact on the amount of focal range in focus in front and behind your subject. With a high aperture the whole picture will be in focus, and with a low aperture only your main subject will be in focus.
Philippe Halsman 'jumping series'
Philippe Halsman asked every famous person to jump for him. He thought this will show their inner personality. Society taught us what to do with our face when being photographed but with a jump you can express your self fully and there are no limits. he wanted to see famous people jump to show their ambition or lack of it.